|
μg
|
microgram
|
|
%
|
percent
|
|
5-FU
|
5 fluorouracil
|
|
AA
|
arachidonic acid
|
|
AAFC
|
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
|
|
AAMI
|
age associated memory impairment
|
|
ABTS
|
2,2’-azinobis[3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]
|
|
ADAS-Cog
|
Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale
|
|
ADL
|
activities of daily living
|
|
AER
|
adverse event report
|
|
AG
|
American ginseng
|
|
AGE
|
aged garlic extract
|
|
AgNOR
|
silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions
|
|
AHPA
|
American Herbal Products Association
|
|
AHRQ
|
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
|
|
AIDS
|
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
|
|
AKS
|
ArzneimittelKompendium der
Schweig
|
|
ALA
|
alpha linolenic acid
|
|
Al-P
|
alkaline-phosphatase
|
|
ALT
|
alanine aminotransferase
|
|
ANOVA
|
analysis of variance
|
|
AST
|
aspartate aminotransferase
|
|
AZT
|
zidovudine
|
|
b.i.d.
|
two times daily
|
|
BHP
|
British Herbal Pharmacopoeia
|
|
BMD
|
bone mineral density
|
|
BMI
|
body mass index
|
|
BP
|
blood pressure
|
|
BP
|
British Pharmacopoeia
|
|
BP
|
Burkholderiapseudomallei
|
|
BPC
|
British Pharmaceutical Codex
|
|
BPH
|
benign prostatic hyperplasia
|
|
bpm
|
beats per minute
|
|
C
|
caffeine
|
|
C
|
catechin
|
|
C
|
controlled (study)
|
|
ca.
|
circa, approximately
|
|
CAEs
|
carboxy alkyl esters
|
|
CAERS
|
CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting System
|
|
CAM
|
complementary and alternative medicine
|
|
cAMP
|
cyclic AMP, used as second messenger in cell signaling
|
|
CC
|
case-control (study)
|
|
CCRUM
|
Central Council for Research in Unami Medicine
|
|
CE
|
conjugated estrogens
|
|
CFSAN
|
Center for Foods and Applied Nutrition
|
|
CGI
|
clinical global impression scale
|
|
CGIC
|
clinical global assessment of change
|
|
CGI-I
|
clinical global impression improvement scale
|
|
CGI-S
|
clinical global impression severity scale
|
|
CH
|
cohort (study)
|
|
CHD
|
coronary heart disease
|
|
CI
|
confidence interval
|
|
cm
|
centimeter
|
|
Cm
|
comparison (study)
|
|
CNS
|
central nervous system
|
|
CO
|
crossover (study)
|
|
COMT
|
catechol-o-methyl-transferase
|
|
COX-1
|
cyclo-oxygenase-1
|
|
COX-2
|
cyclo-oxygenase-2
|
|
CS
|
contrast sensitivity
|
|
CS
|
cross sectional (study)
|
|
CVI
|
chronic venous insufficiency
|
|
CYP
|
cytochrome P450
|
|
D6D
|
delta-6-desaturase
|
|
DAB
|
DeutschesArzneibuch
|
|
DB
|
double-blind (study)
|
|
DB, PC
|
double-blind, placebo-controlled (study)
|
|
DBP
|
diastolic blood pressure
|
|
DC
|
discontinued
|
|
DCO
|
double cross-over
|
|
DGL
|
deglycyrrhized licorice
|
|
DGLA
|
dihomogamma-linolenic acid
|
|
DHA
|
docosahexaenoic acid
|
|
DHT
|
dihydrotestosterone
|
|
DIN
|
drug identification number
|
|
DNA
|
deoxyribonucleic acid
|
|
DOCI
|
drugs of current interest
|
|
DPD
|
drug product database
|
|
DPPH
|
α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl
|
|
D-S
|
von Zerssen depression severity scale
|
|
DSHEA
|
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
|
|
DSM
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders
|
|
E
|
ephedrine
|
|
E
|
epidemiological (study)
|
|
E
|
epinephrine
|
|
EC
|
epicatechin
|
|
EEG
|
electroencephalogram
|
|
EFA
|
essential fatty acids
|
|
EGC
|
epigallocatechin
|
|
EGCG
|
epigallocatechingallate
|
|
EGF
|
epidermal growth factor
|
|
EPA
|
eicosapentaenoic acid
|
|
EPO
|
evening primrose oil
|
|
ER+
|
estrogen receptor positive
|
|
ERG
|
electroretinogram
|
|
ERT
|
estrogen replacement therapy
|
|
ESCOP
|
European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy
|
|
et al.
|
and others
|
|
FDA
|
Food and Drug Administration
|
|
fl.
|
fluid
|
|
FRAP
|
ferric reducing ability of plasma
|
|
FSH
|
follicle stimulating hormone
|
|
g
|
gram
|
|
g/ml
|
grams/milliliter
|
|
GABA
|
gamma-aminobutyric acid
|
|
GAO
|
General Accounting Office
|
|
GAP
|
good agricultural practices
|
|
GBE
|
Ginkgo bilobaextract
|
|
GC
|
gallocatechin
|
|
GCP
|
good clinical practices
|
|
GERRI
|
Geriatric Evaluation by Relative’s Rating Instrument
|
|
GGT
|
gamma glutamyltranspeptidase
|
|
GHP
|
German Homeopathic
Pharmacopoeia
|
|
GI
|
gastrointestinal
|
|
GLA
|
gamma-linolenic acid
|
|
GLC
|
ginkgo leaf concentrate
|
|
GLP
|
good laboratory practices
|
|
GLDH
|
glutamate-dehydrogenase
|
|
GMP
|
good manufacturing practices
|
|
GOT
|
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
|
|
GPT
|
glutamic pyruvic transaminase
|
|
GRAS
|
generally recognized as sage
|
|
GSL
|
General Sale List
|
|
GST
|
glutathione-s-transferase
|
|
γ-GTP
|
gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
|
|
GTS
|
ginseng total saponin
|
|
HAB
|
HomeopathischesArzneibuch
|
|
HAMA
|
Hamilton Anxiety Scale
|
|
HAMD
|
Hamilton Depression Scale
|
|
HbA1c
|
hemoglobin A1c
|
|
HBsAg
|
hepatitis B surface antigen
|
|
HBV
|
hepatitis B virus
|
|
HCC
|
hepatocellular carcinoma
|
|
HCV
|
hepatitis C virus
|
|
HDL
|
high-density lipoprotein
|
|
HDL-C
|
high-density liproprotein cholesterol
|
|
HIV
|
human immunodeficiency virus
|
|
HMO
|
health maintenance organization
|
|
HPB
|
Health Protection Branch
|
|
HPLC
|
high performance liquid chromatography
|
|
HPUS
|
Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States
|
|
HRT
|
hormone replacement therapy
|
|
IBS
|
irritable bowel syndrome
|
|
IC
|
immune complex
|
|
ICD-09
|
International Classification of Disease, 9th revision
|
|
ICD-10
|
International Classification of Disease, 10th revision
|
|
IFN
|
interferon
|
|
Ig
|
immunoglobulin
|
|
IKS
|
InterkantonaleKonstrollstelle
|
|
IL
|
interleukin
|
|
IL-1
|
interleukin-1
|
|
IL-6
|
interleukin-6
|
|
INOS
|
inducible nitric oxide synthase
|
|
IP
|
Indian Pharmacopoeia
|
|
IU
|
international unit
|
|
IUD
|
intrauterine device
|
|
IVHD
|
isovaleroxyhydroxydihydrovaltrate
|
|
JAMA
|
Journal of the American Medical
Association
|
|
JP
|
Pharmacopoeia of Japan
|
|
JSHM
|
Japanese Herbal Medical Codex
|
|
KMHW
|
Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare
|
|
KPI
|
Kupperman-menopause index
|
|
LA
|
linoleic acid
|
|
LC
|
longitudinal cohort (study)
|
|
LDL
|
low-density lipoprotein
|
|
LDL-C
|
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
|
|
LH
|
luteinizing hormone
|
|
LVEF
|
left ventricular ejection fraction, a measure of cardiac output
|
|
MA
|
meta-analysis (study)
|
|
MALDI-TOF
|
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight
|
|
MAO
|
monoamine oxidase
|
|
MAOI
|
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
|
|
MC
|
multi-center (study)
|
|
mcg (ug)
|
microgram
|
|
MDA
|
malondialdehyde
|
|
MDR1
|
one of the 2 multi-drug resistance
|
|
mg
|
milligram
|
|
MIC
|
minimum inhibitory concentration
|
|
mm
|
millimeter
|
|
MMC
|
migrating motor complex
|
|
MMDQ
|
Moos menstrual distress questionnaire
|
|
MMSE
|
mini mental status exam
|
|
MPA
|
Medical Products Agency
|
|
n
|
number of patients
|
|
n.d.
|
no date
|
|
NAT
|
N-acetyltransferase
|
|
NE
|
norepinephrine
|
|
NF-kB
|
nuclear factor-kappa B
|
|
NFUM
|
National Formulary of Unani
Medicine
|
|
NIH
|
National Institutes of Health
|
|
NK
|
natural killer
|
|
NLT
|
no less than
|
|
NO
|
nitric oxide
|
|
NPH
|
Natural Health Product
|
|
NSAID
|
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
|
|
O
|
open (study)
|
|
OA
|
osteoarthritis
|
|
ŐAB
|
ŐsterreichischesArzneibuch
|
|
OB
|
Observational (study)
|
|
OCD
|
obsessive compulsive disorder
|
|
ODS
|
Office of Dietary Supplements
|
|
OL
|
open label (study)
|
|
OR
|
odds ratio
|
|
ORP
|
oxidation-reduction potential
|
|
OSC
|
organosulfur compound
|
|
OTC
|
over-the-counter
|
|
OWH
|
Office of Women’s Health
|
|
oz.
|
ounces
|
|
P
|
prospective (study)
|
|
PAF
|
platelet activating factor
|
|
PB
|
patient-blind (study)
|
|
PC
|
placebo-controlled (study)
|
|
PC, CO
|
placebo-controlled, cross-over
|
|
PCC
|
peppermint caraway capsule
|
|
PCNA
|
proliferation cell nuclear antigen
|
|
PEH
|
pseudoepithelia hyperplasia
|
|
PG
|
parallel group (study)
|
|
PGE 1
|
prostaglandin E1
|
|
PGE 2
|
prostaglandin E2
|
|
PGE 3
|
prostaglandin E3
|
|
Ph. Eur
|
European Pharmacopoeia
|
|
Ph. Fr. X
|
French Pharmacopoeia
|
|
Ph. Helv.
|
Swiss Pharmacopoeia
|
|
Ph. Ital.
|
Italian Pharmacopoeia
|
|
Ph. USSR X
|
State Pharmacopoeia of the Union
of the Soviet Socialist Republics
|
|
PIIINP
|
aminoterminalpropeptide
|
|
PMN
|
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
|
|
PMS
|
premenstrual syndrome
|
|
PMTS
|
premenstrual tension syndrome
|
|
POAs
|
pentacyclicoxindole alkaloids
|
|
POMS
|
profile of mood status
|
|
PPA
|
phenylpropanolamine
|
|
ppm
|
parts per million
|
|
PPRC
|
Pharmacopoeia of the People’s
Republic of China
|
|
PS
|
pilot study
|
|
PSA
|
prostate specific antigen
|
|
PsA
|
psoriatic arthritis
|
|
PWV
|
pulse wave velocity
|
|
q.d.
|
once daily
|
|
q.i.d.
|
four times daily
|
|
QPEG
|
quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalogram
|
|
R
|
randomized (study)
|
|
R, DB, PC
|
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled (study)
|
|
RA
|
rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
RC
|
reference-controlled (study)
|
|
RCS
|
retrospective
|
|
RES
|
reticuloendothelial system
|
|
RGTS
|
red ginseng total saponins
|
|
RMR
|
resting metabolic rate
|
|
RR
|
relative ratio
|
|
RS
|
retrospective (study)
|
|
S
|
surveillance (study)
|
|
SAD
|
seasonal affective disorder
|
|
SB
|
single-blind (study)
|
|
SBP
|
sulphobromophthalein sodium dye
|
|
SBP
|
systolic blood pressure
|
|
SC
|
single-center (study)
|
|
SCAG
|
Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric scale
|
|
SEM
|
standard error of the mean
|
|
SHBG
|
sex hormone binding globulin
|
|
SJW
|
St. John’s wort
|
|
SKT
|
SyndromKurytest
|
|
SLE
|
systemic lupus erythematosus
|
|
SN/AEMS
|
Special Nutritionals/Adverse Event Monitoring System
|
|
SNMC
|
Stronger Neo-Minophagen C
|
|
SOD
|
superoxide dismutase
|
|
SP
|
saw palmetto
|
|
spp
|
species
|
|
SSRI
|
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
|
|
T-47D
|
breast cancer cell line
|
|
t.i.d.
|
three times daily
|
|
TC
|
total cholesterol
|
|
TCM
|
traditional Chinese medicine
|
|
TEWL
|
transepidermal water loss
|
|
TG
|
triglycerides
|
|
TGA
|
Therapeutic Goods Administration
|
|
THM
|
traditional herbal medicine
|
|
TNα
|
tumor necrosis factor alpha
|
|
TOAs
|
tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids
|
|
TPP
|
Therapeutic Products Program
|
|
TRH
|
thyroxine releasing hormone
|
|
ug or μg
|
microgram
|
|
U
|
uncontrolled (study)
|
|
UG
|
Uncariaguianensis
|
|
U.K.
|
United Kingdom
|
|
U.S.
|
United States
|
|
UP
|
unpublished (study)
|
|
UPC
|
Unani Pharmacopoeia committee
|
|
URI
|
upper respiratory infection
|
|
URTI
|
upper respiratory tract infection
|
|
USC
|
United States Congress
|
|
USDA
|
United States Department of Agriculture
|
|
usdoc
|
The United States Department of Commerce
|
|
USFWS
|
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
|
|
USP
|
United States Pharmacopeia
|
|
USP-NF
|
United States
Pharmacopeia-National Formulary
|
|
USSR
|
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
|
|
UT
|
Uncariatomentosa
|
|
UTI
|
urinary tract infection
|
|
UV
|
ultraviolet
|
|
v/m
|
volume/measure
|
|
v/v
|
volume/volume
|
|
VA
|
visual acuity
|
|
VAS
|
visual analog scale
|
|
VC
|
vehicle-controlled (study)
|
|
w/v
|
weight/volume
|
|
w/w
|
weight/weight
|
|
WAIS
|
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
|
|
WHO
|
World Health Organization
|
|
x
|
times
|