FWD 1 American Botanical Council: The ABC Clinical Guide to Herbs

Glossary

ACE inhibitor: see: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

acylated: acid radical incorporated into an organic compound

adaptogen: an agent that increases the nonspecific resistance of an organism to harmful influences, while generating a normalizing action on bodily systems

Addison’s disease: hormonal disorder, resulting from diminished production of cortisol and/or aldosterone, that causes weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, and sometimes darkening of the skin

adenocarcinoma: cancerous growth of glandular tissue originating from the intestines, uterus, and breast

adenoma: benign tumor of glandular tissue epithelium (outer skin layer)

adrenergic: relating to nerve endings that use norepinephrine as primary  neurotransmitters

adulteration: addition of any substance to a product, with the intent to defraud

adynamia: lack of physical or emotional drive; loss of strength or weakness

alveolar: referring to the air-filled space in the lungs formed by sac-like dilations of the lung tissue

amenorrhea: absence of a woman’s monthly cycle

analgesic: a pain relieving product or compound

anaphylactic shock: severe allergic reaction characterized by any combination of: shortness of breath, fainting, itching skin rash, swelling of the throat, and a sudden decline in blood pressure

angiogenesis: blood vessel growth

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: agent (i.e., Enalapril, Captropril) that reduces peripheral vascular resistance via blockage of the angiotensin converting enzyme that reduces myocardial oxygen consumption, thereby improving cardiac output, reducing left ventricular and vascular hypertrophy, and improving blood pressure

anticholinergic: chemical that diminishes the effect of acetylcholine in the nervous system

anticoagulant: chemical compound that prevents blood from clotting

antiemetic: agent that stops or alleviates nausea and vomiting

antihistamine: drug that blocks the effect of histamines thereby blocking an allergic reaction

antilithic: prevents or dissolves stones (e.g., kidney stones, gallstones)

antioxidant: group of substances that prevent oxidative cell damage by scavenging free radicals generated during metabolic processes

antiphlogistic: reduction of inflammation

anti-schistosomal: medicines or remedies that protect against human parasitic infection (Schistosoma or blood flukes)

antithrombotic: treatment that dissolves blood clots or prevents their formation

aphthous ulcers: commonly called canker sores, characterized by mouth lesions

apoptosis: natural programmed cell destruction and death which is an important component of lifecycle events ranging from menstruation to arresting tumor growth

arrhythmia: change in heart rhythm, often noted as an irregular heart beat

ascorbic acid: vitamin C

asthenia: condition characterized by muscle weakness or loss of energy caused by muscular or psychological disorders

astringent: agent that controls bleeding or secretion by causing tissues to contract or draw together

ataxia: uncoordinated movement of muscle groups caused by a nerve disease characterized by unsteady gait

atherosclerosis: hardening of the arteries caused by cholesterol-lipid-calcium deposits

Ayurvedic: ancient medical practice based on total mental, physical, and spiritual health, and includes eight branches: internal medicine, general surgery, head and neck, pediatrics, toxicology, fertility and conception, rejuvenation, and psychiatry

AZT: also called zidovudine, the most widely used antiviral drug in the treatment of HIV/AIDS patients

bacteriuria: condition where bacteria are found in the urine

barium enema: barium sulfate suspension used as an enema (introduction of a fluid into the rectum and colon) to increase visibility of an X-ray during a colon exam

bathmotropic: response to a stimulus that increases nervous and muscular irritability

blood-brain barrier: membranous blood vessel barrier that selectively controls the entry of substances into the brain tissue

borborygmi: normal rumbling and gurgling sounds in the abdomen caused by gasses passing through intestinal liquids

bradycardia: a slow heartbeat (defined as a heart rate that is less than 60 beats per minute)

brix: unit of measure showing the percentage of sugar contained in a solution

bromsulphalein test: liver function test using an injected dye and measuring its excretion from the liver and thus the general functioning of the liver (especially cirrhosis)

cardiac glycoside: plant-derived substance used in cases of heart failure that strengthen contractions and regulate the heartbeat

carminative: agent that expels gas from the intestines and relieves gas pain and bloating

cataplasm: a poultice or soft external application, often medicated

catarrh: nasal discharge as a result of a viral or bacterial infection

cholagogue: an agent that stimulates the flow of bile from the liver

cholangitis: acute infection of the biliary tract usually caused by an obstruction of the bile duct

cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder

choleretic: an agent or drug that stimulates evacuation of bile from the liver

cholestatic: stoppage or suppression of bile from the liver

chronotropic: an agent that affects the rate of contraction of the heart

cicatrizing: to heal, forming a scar

climacteric: the syndrome of endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes occurring at the termination of the reproductive period in the female, or the accompanying the normal diminution of sexual activity in the male

cold expression: method of extracting essential oils from various botanicals, usually citrus fruits, by using cold water and pressure

colic: painful spasm in the abdomen, usually pertains to the colon

collagenosis: term used for a group of diseases of unknown origin which attack the connective tissue (usually skin)

compress: folded material (wet, dry, hot, or cold) applied firmly to a section of the body

conjunctivitis: inflammation of the membrane (conjunctiva) that covers the eye and lines the inner surface of the eyelid; commonly known as “pink eye”

convalescence: recovery time after an illness or operation

corpus cavernosum: the erectile tissue of a penis or tissue leading to the clitoris

corpus luteum: glandular tissue in the ovary that releases progesterone and estrogen after the onset of ovulation

counterirritant: an agent (e.g., mustard plaster) that is applied to the skin to create inflammation with the purpose of remedying a deeply underlying inflammatory condition

Crocq’s disease: disorder characterized by poor circulation to the hands, and at times the feet, resulting in a cold, blue, and sweaty condition (also known as acrocyanosis)

cryoprecipitate: a blood product made from fresh frozen plasma containing a concentration of the cold insoluble portion of plasma

cryotherapy: use of cold temperature for therapeutic purposes

cyclooxygenase pathway: an enzyme system that metabolizes arachidonic acid (AA), an essential fatty acid, to create prostaglandins and thromboxanes

cyst: a usually abnormal growth made up of a thick-walled sac filled with any combination of fluid, gas, or solid materials

cytokine: soluble glycoproteins which are produced and released by cells of the immune system to regulate the immune response

cytological: relating to cell formation, anatomy, and function

decoction: a medicinal preparation made by steeping plants, usually the more dense parts, e.g., roots, barks, etc., in boiling water

demulcent: a therapeutic substance that soothes irritated tissue, particularly mucous membranes

dermabrasion: removal of skin imperfections (e.g., scars, wrinkles, tattoos) through a surgical procedure and/or other mechanical methods

dermatitis: skin inflammation characterized by redness and itching

Dermatosis: a general term referring to any skin disease

detumescence: reduction of swelling, usually refers to the reversal of erection of the genital organ

diabetes mellitus: chronic metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of insulin produced, or lack of response to insulin, resulting in increased blood sugar concentrations

diaphoretic: an agent that causes perspiration

diazepam: generic name for an antianxiety sedative used to treat a variety of anxiety-related disorders, commonly known as Valium®

digitalis: dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea, containing cardiac glycosides and used in treating heart disease

dimer: a single compound formed by the joining of two identical molecules

diuresis: increased elimination of urine

dromotropic: effect on the electric conduction of the heart tissue

dysentery: an inflammation of the intestine that causes painful diarrhea and stools containing blood and mucus

dysmenorrhea: painful menstruation

dyspepsia: term derived from  “bad” (dys) “digestion” (pepsia) describing a condition of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by heartburn, nausea, and loss of appetite

dyspnea: breathlessness or shortness of breath on exertion

ecchymosis: skin discoloration caused by ruptured blood vessels leaking blood into the surrounding tissues (bruises)

eicosanoid: a product of arachidonic acid metabolism

embolism: blood vessel obstruction, usually refers to a blood clot

emmenagogue: an agent that promotes or aids menstrual flow

emulsion: stable mixture of two or more immiscible liquids, such as milk (oil dispersed in water)

encephalomyelitis: acute brain inflammation caused either by a viral infection or in response to an infection

endogenous: produced within a cell or organism

endometriosis: gynecologic condition where endometrial tissue is located outside of the uterus and may result in painful, irregular menstrual cycles, or infertility

endometrium: uterus lining

endothelium: single cell layer that lines the lumen of all blood vessels forming the interface between the blood and the vessel wall

enteric coating: special tablet or capsule coating that does not dissolve until mixed with fluids in the small intestine, resulting in the coated agent’s delayed release into the patient’s system

enteritis: inflammation of the mucosal lining of the small intestine

enterocystoplasty: a surgical procedure that augments the bladder, using a portion of the intestine, for patients suffering from bladder innervation problems (e.g., in spinal cord injury)

enterocyte: skin cell in the intestinal lining

epithelia/epithelium: a layer of cells forming the surface of mucous membranes and the top layer of the skin

ergogenic: increased work output, actual and potential

ergometric: pertaining to measuring the amount of work done

eructation: condition where gas is produced from the stomach resulting in hiccoughing or belching sounds

erythema: spotted skin and redness usually indicative of infection or inflammation

exanthema: skin eruptions (break-out) in conjunction with a viral disease such as measles

fermentation: chemical reaction where enzymes decompose a complex material into more simple substances

fibrinolysis: dissolution of vascular system clots

fibromyalgia: chronic condition that includes debilitating muscle pain and fatigue

fimbriae: a thread-like structure or fingerlike filament

flavonoid: a plant-based compound containing a carbon skeleton with two aromatic rings bridged by a three-carbon aliphatic chain. Flavonoids are essential in maintaining capillary walls and protecting against infection. One subgroup (anthocyanins) creates plant pigmentation.

fluidextract: a liquid with the ratio of 1:1 whereby each cubic centimeter (cc) or milliliter (mL) of the solution contains 1 g of the extracted substance

fomentation: the application of warm liquid or moist heat to the surface of the body to relieve pain

Fontaines stage category (Stage I-IV): demonstration of the extent of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD)

formononetin: an isoflavone that is thought to be partially responsible for an herb’s estrogenic effect

fortification: strengthening the nutritional value of a food by adding substances such as vitamins

furunculosis: condition marked by boils caused by bacterial skin infections

galenicals: infusions, decoctions, and tinctures prepared from medicinal plants

Geriatric Evaluation by Relative’s Rating Instrument (GERRI): a test which assesses daily living and social behavior

GERRI: See: Geriatric Evaluation by Relative’s Rating Instrument

glossodynia: tongue pain, also called burning tongue syndrome

glucose challenge: assesses glucose (blood sugar) metabolism capabilities, also known as a glucose tolerance test

glycoside: a plant substance that, when hydrolyzed, forms a sugar along with a non-sugar substance

gruel: porridge made by boiling grains in water or milk

halothane: a general anesthetic made from fluorinated hydrocarbon that is inhaled

Hamilton rating scale (HAM-D): depression rating scale for clinical evaluations

Hamilton rating scale (HAM-A): anxiety rating scale for clinical evaluations

hematoma: localized swelling and discoloration within an organ or tissue resulting from a blood vessel break, a bruise

heparin: a polysaccharide that is used therapeutically to inhibit blood platelet coagulation by forming an antithrombin

histaminergic: a substance or reaction that relates to histamine receptors (allergens and allergic reactions)

histological: relating to the microscopic structure of plant and animal tissues

hyperemesis gravidarum: unusually excessive vomiting during pregnancy that, if not treated, can lead to dehydration, weight loss, and death 

hypermenorrhea: menstruation that is excessive in duration or is abnormally heavy

hyperplasia: excessive growth of normal tissue

hyperprolactinemia: condition linked to infertility and marked by increased levels of the pituitary gland hormone, prolactin

hyphema: bleeding in the eye between the cornea and iris

hypotensive: relates to lowered blood pressure

hypoxia: condition where cell tissues are deprived of an adequate supply of oxygen

idiosyncratic: an abnormal susceptibility to some drug, protein, or other agent which is peculiar to the individual

in vitro: Latin phrase used to indicate a process taking place within an artificial environment such as a test tube

in vivo: Latin phrase referring to a process (e.g., a drug reaction) that occurs within a living body, usually an animal

infusion: tea made by steeping (soaking) herbs in hot or cold water

inotropic: affecting a cardiac muscle’s force of contraction (contractility)

intermittent claudication: tightness or pain in the calf muscles that arises when walking and subsides with rest, and is a result of insufficient blood circulation

intracranial: inside the skull

intraperitoneal injection: an injection into the abdominal cavity

ischemia: blood supply to a specific area is temporarily reduced or cut-off

Kampo: ancient Japanese healing practice that uses herbal formulas and focuses on treating systemic imbalances, thereby healing physical and psychological ailments

kernicterus: abnormal condition in some infants born with jaundice where excessive amounts of the bile pigment, bilirubin, collect within and damage the brain

Kruskal-Wallis test: a non-parametric test, that compares 3 or more randomly sampled groups with the objective of finding out if, no matter how they are grouped, they will have the same median range

lassitude: feeling lethargic, lacking energy

leukocyte: a white blood cell

leukopenia: reduction in the white blood cell count, i.e., 5,000 or less

leukoplakia: condition where thick, white patches form on mucus membranes (e.g. tounge, genitalia), and can be pre-cancerous

leukorrhea: vaginal discharge consisting of mucous that is white or yellow in color

leukotriene: a product of the metabolism of arachidonic acid mediating almost every aspect of an inflammatory reaction (including asthma)

lichenoid: crust-like patches on the skin that have a similar appearance and texture to a type of alga that grows on trees and rocks

lignan: potential anti-cancer compound that is found naturally in human and animal bodily fluids, as well as from more advanced plants, can be lab-created

liniment: medicinal liquid that relieves pain and stiffness when used externally

lipooxygenase pathway: means of metabolizing fats to produce leukotrienes

log rank test: over a period of time, recording events in people’s lives (survival functions) to create a table on which statistical comparisons can be made, also known as Mantel-Cox

lumbago: backache located in the middle or lower back

lysis: process where cells are destroyed

maceration: soaking a solid for a defined period of time in a liquid

macrophage: mononuclear cells, originating from bone marrow, that enter the blood stream and are capable of producing antigens and activating immune system responses

Mann-Whitney test: a non-parametric inferential statistical test to compare two randomly drawn, independent samples

mast cell: tissue cells responsible for producing the mediators (i.e., histamines) for allergic reactions (e.g., sneezing, welts)

mastalgia: breast pain or discomfort

mastodynia: breast pain or discomfort

materia medica: general term referring to the curative substances in medicinal remedies and the science that studies them

menorrhagia: heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding

metastasis: the spreading of a disease resulting in secondary signs and symptoms in another part of the body, usually cancerous

micturition: act of urinating

mitogenic: induction of cell division or change

motropic: relating to or influencing muscle motions

mucilage: thick, sticky gel-like agent produced by some plants and used as a therapeutic salve or to mix substances that would normally be insoluble

mucositis: inflammation of a mucous membrane

muscarinic: a subtype of the parasympathetic acetylcholinergic (ACh) receptor system

musculotropic: an agent that impacts or is drawn to muscle tissues

mutagenic: an agent that induces changes in genes

myalgia: muscle aches or pains

myalgic encephalomyelitis: painful disease that is characterized by inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, flu-like symptoms, and loss of muscle strength

myocarditis: inflammation of the heart muscle

myocardium: center muscle layer of the heart wall

myocyte: cell that makes up muscle tissue

myoglobinuria: losing myoglobins, beneficial proteins in the muscles that provide and store oxygen, via urination as a result of muscle trauma

native dry extract: an extract, typically hydroalcoholic, of plant material from which the solvent has been evaporated to leave a solid residue

neurogenic: relating to or stemming from nerve tissue impulses

Neurodermatitis: scaly patches of skin resulting from an itch that is irritated when scratched

neuropathy: general term for a disease involving any aspect of the nervous system

neurovegetative: relating to the autonomic nervous system’s supplying of nerve fibers to internal organs

NF-kB: See: nuclear factor kappa beta

nociceptor: outer layer nerve ending that responds to painful or harmful agents

nocturia: persistent and excessive need to urinate during regular sleeping hours; oftentimes increases in frequency with aging

non-parametric: type of inferential statistical analysis where no assumptions are applied regarding the defining properties of the selected populations, commonly used in studies spanning the lifespan of a population

norepinephrine: an effective blood vessel constrictor secreted by the adrenal gland

notalgia paresthetica: dermatological condition characterized by intense itching of the scapula region (the upper back)

Nuclear factor kappa beta: a redox-sensitive transcription factor that promotes the transcription of genes that promote cell replication and tissue growth

nulliparous: a woman who, by choice or medical difficulties, has never given birth to a living child

octamer: DNA strands that carry polymer chains consisting of 8 amino acids

oculomotor: relates to movements of the eye

ointment: solid dosage form for use on the skin for soothing, healing, therapeutic, or cosmetic purposes

oleoresin: a mixture of essential oils and resins extracted from plants

oligomenorrhea: menstruation that is sporadic or has an unusually light flow

orthostatic: caused or impacted by standing upright (e.g., change in blood pressure)

osteoarthritis: non-inflammatory destruction of joint tissue resulting in pain and movement limitation

osteogenic: relating to the development, growth, or repair of bone

osteoporosis: a condition in which bone mass is decreased causing increased fracture risk and healing time

PAOD: see: peripheral arterial occlusive disease 

papillary: surface of a lesion resembling a fold, frond or villous projection

pappus: cup-like structure (calyx) of plants, such as on dandelions, that is made of fibers, leaves, or thorns

paresthesia: often related to nerve damage, an abnormal sensation of the skin that can include prickling, numbness, and burning

paste: thick, smooth mixture that, when dry, is stiff and can be used as an adhesive or applied to the skin for therapeutic purposes

peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD): an arterial disease leading to progressively increased pain, exhaustion, and debility 

peroxidation: process characterized by oxidation of fatty acids affecting the integrity of cell membranes which can be modulated by the presence of antioxidants

pia mater: one of three membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

pial: pertaining to pia mater

phagocytosis: process of a cell taking in and digesting particles such as other cells or bacteria

Pharmacovigilence: the ongoing process of identification and reporting of drug safety issues to provide early detection in order to minimize the impact and extent of adverse drug reactions

pheochromocytoma: adrenal gland tumor that causes excessive epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion and eventually leads to high blood pressure

phlebopathy: any vein-related disease

phytochemicals: plant derived chemicals

plaster: paste-like material that hardens when dried and is used to create a model of, or immobilize, a body part

plethysmography: measuring the size of body parts or limbs to determine blood supply

polypectomy: extracting a polyp, a precancerous growth, by means of surgery

post-phlebitis syndrome: chronic inflammation of the deep veins of the legs, which then damages the vein or causes blockages in the superficial veins

postprandial: period of time after consuming food

poultice: a thick paste applied to the skin for the purpose of alleviating pain, reducing inflammation, and promoting healing

procyanidin: type of flavonoid that includes proanthocyanidins and procyanidin oligomers (PCOs)

prolactin: a pituitary gland hormone that when combined with estrogen and progesterone, stimulates breast development and milk formation during pregnancy

prophylactic: a preventative agent or process

prophylaxis: application of preventative measures to reduce the incidence of disease

prostaglandin: metabolized from arachidonic acid (unsaturated animal fatty acid) and important in several physiolgical functions (e.g., vasoconstriction, smooth muscle stimulation)

prurigo (nodular): on-going skin condition characterized by the eruption of severely itchy, pale papules (welts)

pruritus: condition characterized by intensely itchy skin

psychometric: pertaining to the surveying of psychological parameters including behavior, emotions, and cognitive abilities

psychomotor: mind-muscle connection, coordination of physical activities with mental operations

psychovegetative: depressive, catatonic-like state where a person appears to unknowingly respond to certain stimuli and lacks corresponding cognitive neurological function

purpura: disorder marked by hemorrhage in the skin or mucous membranes resulting in purple spots

putrefactive: an agent (usually bacteria) that breaks down, or decomposes, organic substances with a resulting foul odor

pyelonephritis: inflammation, brought on by bacterial infection, of the kidneys and surrounding area

pyuria: urine containing an abnormally high level of pus and white blood cells leading to urine that has a cloudy appearance, indication of a possible renal disease

qi: Chinese term referring to the vital force, or energy, that is believed to be present in all things

Raynaud’s disease: disorder marked by episodic vasoconstriction of digits (hands and toes) leading to abnormally cold hands and feet; affects women three to five times more frequently than men

retinopathy: pertaining to any retinal disease or disorder

rheumatism: any inflammatory condition of the joints, ligaments, bursae, or muscles characterized by limitation of movement, pain, and structural degeneration

rheumatoid arthritis: progressive disorder characterized by painful inflammation  and destruction of the joints and eventually malformation and disability

rhinitis: condition caused by chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa characterized by runny nose, itching, and sneezing

rhizome: underground stem that grows horizontally, sometimes stores starch

rhynchophylline: indole alkaloid found in some species of Uncaria

rubefacient: externally applied agent that causes the skin to become red

saccade: rapid, involuntary eye movement made when shifting focus from one point to another

saponin: plant agent that creates a foam when shaken with water

sarcoma: malignant tumor growing from connective tissue such as bone or muscle

seborrheic dermatitis: chronic, recurring scaly rash predominantly affecting  the face, ears, eyebrows, and scalp

secretolytic: a substance that reduces secretions

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI): antidepressant drug that is used to increase the amount of serotonin, a mood balancing neurotransmitter and hormone (e.g., Prozac®, Zoloft®)

septicemia: condition characterized by the presence of bacteria circulating in the blood, often associated with severe disease and increased mortality

sesquiterpene: a plant-derived compound usually with 15 carbons formed from isoprene units

Sjorgen’s syndrome: autoimmune disorder marked by dry eyes and mouth, and occasional enlargement of the salivary glands

SKT: see: Syndrome Kurz Test

solute: substance dissolved in a liquid to create a solution

solvent: liquid in which substances are dissolved in order to create a solution

somatic: any agent, system, or process that affects or is related to the physical body

spectrophotometry: a method of analysis in which ultraviolet light or electromagnetic radiation is passed through a solution and measured against the light spectrum

SSRI: see: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

struvite: type of crystal found in some kidney stones

sympathomimetic: an agent that mediates sympathetic nervous system reactions, particularly the effects of adrenaline (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)

Syndrom-Kurztest (SKT): a short, simple test used for determining cognitive impairment, specifically regarding attention and memory, developed in Germany

tachyarrhythmia: rapid, irregular heart beat

tachycardia: heart palpitations exceeding 100 beats per minute in the average adult

tachyphylaxis: marked desensitization to certain drugs or toxins following repeated administration of small doses

teratogenic: pertaining to abnormal embryo development

thermogenic: heat producing

thrombocytopenia: blood disease marked by decreased platelet count

thrombosis: condition characterized by vascular system blood clots

thromboxane: a by-product of the arachidonic acid metabolism, that can cause blood clotting and vein blockage

thrombophlebitis: inflammation of a vein combined with formation of a blood clot (thrombus)

thrombus: a blood clot formed by the aggregation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and cellular elements that obstructs a blood vessel or heart chamber

thyrotoxicosis: disease caused by overactive thyroid gland leading to dangerous overproduction of thyroid hormones

tincture: a therapeutic solution created by soaking an herb in alcohol to extract the pharmacologically active components of the herb

tinnitus: condition marked by a ringing or buzzing in the ears

tocopherol: compound having the biochemical actions of vitamin E

tonic: a medicinal agent that improves systemic functions or sense of well-being

tumescence: state of being or becoming swollen

uremia: disease marked by kidney dysfunction leading to an increase of nitrogen-type waste products (toxins) in the blood

urogenital: regarding the organs in the urinary and reproductive systems

urostomy: surgically created urinary tract opening with an attached bag to collect urine

urticaria: allergic reaction resulting in itchy welts or bumps

vasomotor: relating to the nerves that control constriction and dilation of blood vessels

vertigo: dizziness or lightheadedness that leads to the sensation of spinning or moving

viscid: thick or sticky liquid

vulnerary: remedy used to heal wounds