Editor’s Note: Each month, HerbalEGram highlights a conventional food and
briefly explores its history, traditional uses, nutritional profile, and modern
medicinal research. We also feature a nutritious recipe for an easy-to-prepare
dish with each article to encourage readers to experience the extensive
benefits of these whole foods. With this series, we hope our readers will gain
a new appreciation for the foods they see at the supermarket and frequently
include in their diets.
The basic materials for this series were compiled
by dietetic interns from Texas State University in San Marcos and the
University of Texas at Austin through the American Botanical Council’s (ABC’s)
Dietetic Internship Program, led by ABC Education Coordinator Jenny Perez. We would like to acknowledge Perez, ABC Special
Projects Director Gayle Engels, and ABC Chief Science Officer Stefan Gafner,
PhD, for their contributions to this project.
By Hannah
Baumana and Addie Abohoshb
a HerbalGram Associate Editor
b ABC Dietetics
Intern (Texas State, 2017)
Overview
The date
palm (Phoenix dactylifera, Arecaceae)
has been cultivated for more than 5,000 years.1 Because of this long
history of use and cultivation, the exact origin of the date palm is difficult
to pinpoint. Dates have been harvested for centuries in northern Africa and the
Arabian Peninsula, and have played a large role in the economies of countries
where the plant grows.1,2 The largest global producers of dates are
Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Algeria, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Libya,
Pakistan, Sudan, and the United States.3
The
date palm is a large palm tree and grows about 49-82 feet tall.1 The palm leaves are 1.5 to 11.5
inches long.1 Around the trunk of the date tree, the palm branches grow
in a spiral pattern and form a crown with hundreds of leaves that are gray in
color.2,4 The leaves have a needle-sharp point at their tips to
deter predators.2 The palm’s flowers are small and white or yellow
in color.2,4 The date palm is dioecious (i.e., male and female
reproductive organs occur in separate individuals) and, in cultivation, one
male date palm typically is grown for every 50 female date palms, which produce
the date fruit.4,5 The date fruits grow in clumps at the base of the
branches, and the bunches of fruit can weigh up to 20 pounds.1,5
Date
fruit is oval in shape, 1-2.5 inches long, and 0.87-2.75 inches in diameter.
The fruit can vary in color from bright yellow to bright red.1 Each
fruit contains a seed pit that also contains many vitamins and minerals.1,6
The date fruit ripens in five stages, each with its specific flavor profile.
The five stages of maturity for the date fruit include “habahouk,” in which the
fruit is pea-sized and fully layered; “kimri,” in which the fruit is small,
oblong, and green; “khalal” or “besser,” in which the fruit changes from green
to yellow to red and reaches maximum weight and size; “rutab,” in which the
flesh becomes softer and darker; and “tamar,” in which the fruit is fully ripe.6,7
Date palms typically require hot and dry conditions and a regular water supply
to the roots in order to produce a high-quality fruit.4 As the date
fruit ripens, its sugar content increases and its protein content decreases.7
Dates are sold in three varieties: hard, soft, and semidry.5 The
semidry form is most common in commerce.
Phytochemicals and Constituents
The
date fruit contains about 70% digestible sugar, including glucose, fructose,
and sucrose.1 It also contains a significant amount of fiber and a small
amount of fat and protein.1,8 There are 23 amino acids present in
the date fruit and 17, including all nine essential amino acids, in the date
pit.3,9 The fruits also are rich sources of minerals, including
iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, phosphorus, and zinc, as well
as trace amounts of sulfur, cobalt, copper, fluorine, boron, and selenium.1,8
The
date pit contains fiber and a variety of fatty acids, including lauric, myristic,
palmitic, and stearic acids.8,10 The predominant monounsaturated
fatty acids are palmitoleic and oleic acids while α-linolenic and linoleic acids
are the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids present in date pits.10
Research indicates that oleic acid has the potential to reduce low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the body and α-linolenic acid is similarly
important for cardiovascular health. Pressed oil from date pits is shown to
have a higher total tocopherol content than olive (Olea europaea, Oleaceae) oil and a higher antioxidant content than
coconut (Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae)
oil. However, these values can vary depending on the origin of the date.6
While date pit oil is unique in its fatty acid profile and tocopherol
composition, the oil content in the pit is low.10 In vitro research
has demonstrated that date seed extract lessened the permeability of cell
membranes, which further reduced oxidative damage.
Date
fruit is rich in polyphenolic compounds, including lignans, carotenoids, and
flavonoids, including anthocyanins and procyanidins.1 Research
indicates that the majority of date fruit’s health benefits can be associated
with its polyphenol content. These polyphenols have synergistic effects that
amplify health benefits.11 Carotenoids and flavonoids in the date
fruit and seed act as potent antioxidants that help protect the cells of the
body from free radicals that can damage and destroy cells.1,3
However, carotenoids and anthocyanins are most prevalent in the fresh fruit.7,11
Procyanidins, which are condensed tannins with powerful antioxidant properties,
are present in date fruits in varying amounts based on ripeness.1,8
The
beta glucans in the date fruit and palm pollen have also demonstrated antitumor
activity.1,3 Beta glucans are polysaccharides that occur naturally
in some plants and fungi.12 Beta glucans have been shown to increase
immune defense and enhance macrophage activity as well as other natural cell
protection mechanisms. The enhancement of protective cellular mechanisms is
linked with tumor cell inhibition. There is also evidence that beta glucans can
reduce high cholesterol and blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus.13
Historical and Commercial Uses
Traditionally,
date fruit has been used to address leprosy, thirst, asthma, bronchitis,
fatigue, tuberculosis, abdominal complaints, fever, vomiting, and loss of
consciousness.1 In Ayurveda, India’s oldest system of traditional
medicine, date fruit was considered cooling and was used for its anti-inflammatory
properties. While the fruit was the most commonly used part of the plant, the
leaves, flower, gum, and seed pit have historically been used in medicinal
preparations. The leaves of the date palm were traditionally used as an aphrodisiac and to support liver health. The flower was used as a liver tonic
and expectorant and for fever and blood complaints; the gum was used as a
diarrhea remedy; and the pit of the date fruit was used to reduce inflammation,
heal wounds, move the bowels, and treat asthma and gonorrhea.
Roasted
date pits have a long history of use as a caffeine-free coffee (Coffea arabica and C. canephora, Rubiaceae)
substitute in the Middle East. Roasted date pit tea has traditionally been used
there to stabilize blood glucose levels, improve memory, and prevent chronic
diseases.10
The
date fruit can also be used as a sugar source.14 The date fruit
yield per plant is high; however, the labor required to process the date sugar
could be a barrier to its mainstream production.
The
date palm can also be of use in bioremediation and other ecological
applications. The powder of date pits, or date-pit ash, can be used to filter
waste water or contaminated water due to its water absorption strengths.10,15
Date pits have also been traditionally used for compost preparation and animal
feed and as an antimicrobial agent, while their oil has been used in cosmetics
preparations and as a potential biodiesel product.6,10
Modern Research
Dried
dates have high antioxidant activity.16 Date fruit, pit, and pollen
have been investigated for their anti-inflammatory benefits for a variety of conditions,
including diabetes, gastrointestinal distress, and fertility issues.
Anti-inflammatory Properties
Date
pit “tea” has been investigated for its health benefits. In rat models, the aqueous
extract of dried, ground date pit has been shown to have protective effects on
the liver as well as anti-inflammatory activity.9 Date pits are also
an excellent source of potassium, magnesium, and calcium, which can decrease
the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Fiber and Digestive Health
In a
rat study, aqueous date flesh extracts significantly decreased gastric transit
time and occurrence of ulcers, gastrin, and histamine in the stomach.11
The high fiber content of date fruit can help maintain gastric health and
enhance immune functions.1,3
Diabetes
Diabetes
mellitus is characterized by high blood glucose levels,13 which can
cause excessive thirst, urination, hunger, and weight loss. Prolonged exposure
to high blood glucose levels can also cause neuropathy, eye damage, and
inflammation of the body systems. However, despite
their high sugar content, date fruits are characterized as a low or medium
glycemic index fruit.17 (The glycemic index measures the effect of
carbohydrate foods on human health, including insulinemic response.) In a clinical
trial, patients with type 2 diabetes exhibited lower blood glucose levels
compared to baseline after adding controlled amounts of date fruit to their
diet. In patients without diabetes, date fruit consumption stimulated insulin
secretion 2.7% less on average than an active amount of dextrose sugar, which
suggests that date fruit consumption does not adversely affect glucose
tolerance in people without diabetes. Animal studies have shown antihyperglycemic
effects from date leaf extract, while date pit extract has been shown to lower
blood glucose levels in rats and improve insulin resistance with its high fiber
content.3,10 Date fruit aqueous extract has been shown to improve
neuropathy related to diabetes, as well.3
Future Outlook
Areas
of research that merit further investigation include the use of date palm
pollen for fertility, date fruit’s potential for the inhibition of tumor growth,
and the neuroprotective nature of the date seed and fruit. Traditionally, date
palm pollen was used as an aphrodisiac and to increase fertility in both men
and women. A recent animal study demonstrated an increase in sperm count, serum
testosterone, and spermatogenesis in male rats and an increase in testosterone,
estrogen, and progesterone production in female mice.19 Both the
date fruit pollen as well as the fruit itself contain immune-stimulating beta glucans.
In a mouse study, date fruit extract significantly inhibited tumor growth.11
Additionally, the seed extract and date fruit have been shown in animal models
to significantly reduce damage to neurons and oxidative stress in the brain.3
However, data for the efficacy of these treatments in humans is lacking.
Consumer Considerations
The
tannin, phytate, and oxalate levels present in date fruit have the potential to
damage the stomach, kidneys, and liver, as well as cause mineral deficiencies.3,10
Tannins are polyphenols that can interfere with the absorption of nutrients in
the body.10 However, the levels of tannins in the fruit decrease as
the fruit ripens, and the consumption of ripe fruit should not cause any
adverse effects on nutrient absorption. Additionally, it has been shown that
dates in general, and four varieties in particular (Aseel, Dhakki, Hallavi, and
Dora), are safe to consume as part of a regular diet without this potential for
health complications due to low levels of anti-nutrients.3,19
Nutrient Profile20
Macronutrient Profile: (Per 100 grams
[approx. 4 dates])
277 calories
1.8 g
protein
75 g carbohydrate 0.2 g
fat
Secondary Metabolites: (Per 100 grams
[approx. 4 dates])
Excellent source of:
Dietary
Fiber: 6.7 g (26.8% DV)
Very good source of:
Potassium:
696 mg (19.8% DV)
Manganese:
0.3 mg (15% DV)
Magnesium:
54 mg (13.5% DV)
Vitamin
B6: 0.25 mg (12.5% DV)
Good source of:
Niacin:
1.6 mg (8% DV)
Calcium:
64 mg (6.4% DV)
Phosphorus:
62 mg (6.2% DV)
Iron:
1 mg (5.6% DV)
Also provides:
Folate:
15 mcg (3.8% DV)
Riboflavin:
0.06 mg (3.5% DV)
Vitamin
K: 2.7 mcg (3.4% DV)
Thiamin:
0.05 mg (3.3% DV)
Vitamin
A: 149 IU (3% DV)
DV =
Daily Value as established by the US Food and Drug Administration, based on a
2,000-calorie diet.
Recipe:
Goat Cheese-Stuffed Dates
Adapted
from Martha Stewart21
Ingredients:
- 12
large Medjool dates, pitted
- 1/4
cup (2 ounces) soft goat cheese
- 12
pecan halves (for more information about pecans, click here.22)
Directions: -
Make a lengthwise slit
through each date without cutting through it entirely. Fill each date with a
teaspoon of the goat cheese and top each with a pecan half.
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Photo credits: Top: Date fruit at the Mercat Central de València, Spain. Photo courtesy of Hans Hillewaert. Middle: Date palm illustration from The New Student's Reference.
Bottom: Fruiting date palm in Las Vegas, Nevada. Photo courtesy of Stan Shebs.
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