The American Herbal Products Association (AHPA), the leading trade
association in the United States dealing with herbal products and
supplement ingredients, announced in December of 2007 that it has added
new analytical tools and methods to its website to assist manufacturers
in identifying materials labeled as powdered bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) fruit extract that have been adulterated with Red Dye No. 2.1,2
Concerns over bilberry extract misbranding and adulteration were
raised when researchers from the company MediHerb in Australia found
that the synthetic food dye Red No. 2, also known as “amaranth dye”
(not related to the grain amaranth [Amaranthus spp.]) and
banned from the US food supply since the 1970s, had been used to mimic
the color of bilberries in ingredient samples labeled as powdered
bilberry fruit extracts. The researchers published their findings in
the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry in 2006.3
The tools and methods that AHPA now provides on its website are
intended to instruct and aid in the differentiation between genuine
bilberry fruit extract and extracts adulterated with Red No. 2.1
AHPA offers methods for detecting the presence of anthocyanins normally
present in bilberry through pH manipulation and by using high
performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). AHPA further provides
information on additional resources regarding bilberry.2
“AHPA is providing methods to help enable proper evaluations of
materials where identity and quality issues are known to exist,” said
Steven Dentali, PhD, AHPA’s vice president of scientific and regulatory
affairs, in an AHPA press release.1 “By providing these analytical methods, we will help companies make better ingredient purchasing decisions.”
The methods and tools provided by AHPA should enable manufacturers
to detect this known adulterant dye in bilberry products, but they may
not necessarily detect all possible product defects. However, proper
implementation of HPTLC analysis of ingredients labeled as bilberry
extract by qualified personnel is likely to reveal significant
variations from the normally expected chemical composition of bilberry
fruit extract.
According to an article published by NutraIngredients.com in October of 2007, unconfirmed reports have been made of mulberry (Morus spp.) fruit and black bean (Phaseolus spp.) skin being used to enhance the anthocyanin content of extracts labeled as bilberry.4
These materials, or possibly some other misbranded ingredient, were the
likely starting material for the “bilberry” samples analyzed by
MediHerb.3
A study conducted by researchers from the Italian botanical extract manufacturer Indena and published in the Journal of AOAC International in 2007 found that only 15% of 40 finished bilberry products sold in Europe, Japan, and the United States that were tested in the study met their specifically-stated label claims for anthocyanin content.5
Moreover, 10% of the products were found to contain no anthocyanins at
all. In its study, Indena recommended a new liquid chromatography
method for identifying and quantifying anthocyanins and anthocyanidins
in commercial bilberry extracts and products, which has been included
in several pharmacopeias, including the European and Italian editions,
and is under evaluation by the United States Pharmacopeia.4
AHPA’s tools and methods for determining adulteration of bilberry
extracts with amaranth dye are available on the organization’s website,
at http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=164.
AHPA member companies MediHerb and the Swiss analytical equipment and
methods supplier CAMAG assisted in the development of the tools and
methods.1
AHPA similarly provided methods and tools for determining the purity of powdered Hoodia gordonii
stems in September of 2007. An article regarding those tools and
methods was published in the November issue of HerbalEGram, available here.6
—Courtney Cavaliere
References
1AHPA provides industry tools for authentic bilberry
[press release]. Silver Spring, MD: American Herbal Products
Association; December 10, 2007. 2Bilberry. American Herbal Products Association Web site. Available at: http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=164. Accessed January 22, 2008. 3Penman KG, Halstead CW, Matthias A, et al. Bilberry adulteration using the food dye amaranth. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(19):7378-7382. 4Daniells S. Indena reports new technique for bilberry purity standards. NutraIngredients.com. Available at: http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=80637-indena-bilberry-hplc-anthocyanin. Accessed January 22, 2008. 5Cassinese
C, DeCombarieu E, Falzoni M, Fuzzati N, Pace R, Sardone N. New liquid
chromatography method with ultraviolet detection for analysis of
anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in Vaccinium myrtillus fruit dry extracts and commercial preparations. Journal of AOAC International. 2007;90(4): 911-919. 6Cavaliere
C. AHPA provides analytical tools for identification of Hoodia
gordonii. HerbalEGram, November 2007;4(11). Available at: http://abc.herbalgram.org/site/PageServer?pagename=04_11_AHPA_Hoodia. Accessed January 23, 2008. |