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- Bacopa (Bacopa monnieri)
- Cognition
- Working Memory
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Date:
07-31-2013 | HC# 031355-477
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Re: An Ethanolic Extract of Bacopa Safely Enhances Attention, Working Memory, Cognitive Processing, and Cholinergic Function in Healthy, Elderly Subjects
Peth-Nui
T, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S, et al. Effects of 12-week Bacopa monnieri consumption on
attention, cognitive processing, working memory, and functions of both
cholinergic and monoaminergic systems in healthy elderly volunteers. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.
2012;2012:606424. doi: 10.1155/2012/606424.
Bacopa
(Bacopa monnieri) has been used as a
nerve tonic and to treat neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders in
Ayurvedic medicine for centuries. The authors hypothesize that bacopa may alter
the cholinergic system. This would enhance attention and cognitive processing
and ultimately enhance working memory. Attention and cognitive processing can
be evaluated by characterizing event-related potentials (ERPs). One component
of ERP is called N100. Its amplitude is modulated by selective attention.
Another component is called P300. Its amplitude reflects attention and memory
operations. The latencies of both components increase with aging, and the
amplitudes are decreased with aging. The purpose of this randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study was to evaluate the effect of
bacopa on attention, cognitive processing, working memory, and cholinergic and
monoaminergic function in elderly people.
Healthy
subjects (n = 60; mean age = 62.6 years) participated in this study that was conducted
at Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen, Thailand. Included subjects were said to be
free of any herbal or prescribed medication that might interfere with nervous
system function. The study excluded habitual smokers consuming > 10
cigarettes/day and any subjects who would have difficulty abstaining from
smoking during the study. Subjects were instructed to abstain from caffeine and
alcohol for ≥ 12 hours prior to the test session. Subjects were given tablets
of either placebo, 300 mg/day of bacopa extract, or 600 mg/day of bacopa
extract for 12 weeks. The ethanolic extract of bacopa used in this study was
said to be a "proprietary extract" prepared by the Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences at Naresuan University in Phitsanulok, and it was said
to contain 5% saponins, including unreported amounts of bacoside A3,
bacopaside I and II, bacopaside X, and bacopasaponin C. The placebo tablet was said
to have the same odor and color as the active tablet. It is unclear how this
was accomplished. The battery of cognitive tests included working memory (word
presentation, picture presentation, simple reaction time, digit vigilance task,
choice reaction time, spatial working memory, and numeric working memory) and ERP
assessment. There was an assessment of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and
monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity via tests on venous blood after 8-hour fasts.
There were no control groups reported for the assays, so findings must be accepted
at face value. Subjects were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12
weeks, and also 4 weeks after treatment.
There
were no significant differences in mean age, education, or body mass index
between groups. Table 1 shows the effect of bacopa on parameters of working
memory compared with placebo. The 300 mg/day dose had a more robust effect than
the 600 mg/day dose.
Table
1: Significant Effects of Bacopa on Working Memory Compared with Placebo
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300 mg/day Bacopa Group
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600 mg/day Bacopa Group
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4
weeks
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8
weeks
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12 weeks
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4
weeks after
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4 weeks
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8 weeks
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12 weeks
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4 weeks after
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Continuity of
attention
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P<0.001
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P<0.001
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P<0.001
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P<0.001
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—
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—
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—
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—
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Quality of memory
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P<0.001
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P<0.01
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P<0.001
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P<0.001
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—
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—
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—
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—
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Speed of memory
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—
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P<0.05
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P<0.01
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P<0.01
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P<0.01
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P<0.05
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P<0.01
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P<0.01
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Power of attention
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—
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P<0.01
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P<0.01
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P<0.001
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—
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P<0.05
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P<0.05
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P<0.01
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Bacopa
had no effect compared with placebo on N100 amplitude and P300 amplitude. N100
latency was significantly decreased compared with placebo at week 12 in both
the 300 mg/day group (P < 0.001) and the 600 mg/day group (P < 0.05).
P300 latency was significantly decreased compared with placebo at weeks 8 and
12 in the 300 mg/day group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and at
week 12 in the 600 mg/day group (P < 0.05). No significant changes were
observed 4 weeks after the cessation of bacopa.
The
300 mg/day group had a significant reduction of AChE activity at week 4 through
week 12 compared to placebo (P < 0.01-0.001). The 600 mg/day group only had
a significant reduction of AChE activity at week 12 compared to placebo (P <
0.01). The significant changes in both groups persisted 4 weeks after the
cessation of bacopa (P < 0.01, compared to placebo). There were no
significant changes in MAO activity.
There
were no serious adverse effects, no changes in hematological and biochemical
values that would indicate toxicity, and no electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings
outside normal limits. No subjects dropped out of the study.
The
authors conclude that bacopa enhanced attention, cognitive processing, working
memory, and cholinergic function. Bacopa may suppress the function of AChE in
the brain, leading to increased levels of acetylcholine which can enhance
attention and memory. Since mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's
disease are due in part to a decline in acetylcholine, bacopa may benefit these
patients, but additional research is needed to evaluate bacopa's benefits for
patients with these conditions.
—Heather S. Oliff,
PhD
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