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- Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens, Arecaceae)
- Isotopic Fingerprinting
- NMR Analysis
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Date:
07-31-2018 | HC# 061891-597
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Re: Isotopic Fingerprinting and NMR Analysis Detects Designer Blends Made with Animal Fats Marketed as Saw Palmetto Extracts
Perini M, Paolini M, Camin F, et al. Combined use of
isotopic fingerprint and metabolomics analysis for the authentication of saw
palmetto (Serenoa repens) extracts. Fitoterapia. June 2018;127:15-19. doi:
10.1016/j.fitote.2018.04.011.
Saw
palmetto (Serenoa repens, Arecaceae)
berry extracts are widely used in dietary supplement products for urinary
problems related to benign prostate hyperplasia. The geographic area where the
saw palmetto tree naturally occurs is limited to the southeastern United
States, and due to a limited supply, growing demand, and increasing prices, the
appearance of vegetable oils, or mixtures of vegetable oils (e.g., canola,
coconut, olive, palm, sunflower oils) with saw palmetto extracts marketed as
authentic saw palmetto oil, has been observed.1 The problem of saw
palmetto adulteration is exacerbated in years when the harvest volume is low
due to inclement weather conditions.
Over
the past years, suppliers have noticed the sale of saw palmetto extracts that
appeared to comply with the pharmacopeial fatty acid ratio requirements,2,3
one of the main tests to detect saw palmetto extract adulteration. However,
these ingredients sometimes failed other tests, such as color specifications,
or limits on fatty alcohol and sterols.
The
approach taken by the researchers from Indena, SpA (Milan, Italy), the
Fondazione Edmund Mach (San Michele all’Adige, Italy), and the University of
Eastern Piedmont (Novara, Italy), was to evaluate nine commercial extracts from
suppliers outside Europe and North America and 30 authentic saw palmetto
extracts by the fatty acid method of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP),2
and by orthogonal methods, such as 1H NMR and isotopic fingerprinting
analysis with a subsequent statistical assessment by principal component
analysis (PCA).
For
the isotopic fingerprint analysis, the 14C concentration, and the
ratios of 87Sr/86Sr, 13C/12C, 18O/16O,
and 2H/1H were determined. The amount of 14C
in a sample is indicative of being derived from plants or from fossil-fuel
(i.e., made by chemical synthesis). The strontium (87Sr/86Sr)
ratio provides information about the nature of the soil and the climatic
conditions from where the sample is obtained. The carbon (13C/12C)
ratio can be used to distinguish among certain plant-derived materials since not all plants use the same
photosynthetic pathways. As such, materials derived from corn or sugar cane
have higher 13C/12C ratios than most of the plants used
medicinally. The oxygen (18O/16O) and hydrogen (2H/1H)
ratios are based on the local water composition, mainly influenced by
precipitation in form of snow and rain in the area.
No
differences were observed in the 14C concentrations or the 87Sr/86Sr
ratio among authentic saw palmetto extracts and the commercial samples.
However, the 13C/12C ratio was slightly, but
significantly lower in the commercial samples, suggesting adulteration. This
was confirmed by the 18O/16O and 2H/1H
ratios, which differed substantially from those of the authentic material.
Comparison with 18O/16O and 2H/1H
ratios from various fats and oils suggested that six out of the nine commercial
samples were derived from animal fats.
The gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID)
analysis of the fatty acids with subsequent PCA led to a clustering of the six
animal-derived ingredients with the authentic saw palmetto, suggesting that
these ingredients were blended with the fatty acid composition of authentic saw
palmetto in mind. Two of the three remaining commercial saw palmetto extracts
clustered with coconut (Cocos nucifera,
Arecaceae) and babaçu (Attalea
speciosa, Arecaceae) oil, while one sample did not cluster with authentic
saw palmetto extract nor with any of the vegetable oils.
A
clear separation between adulterated and genuine saw palmetto extracts based on
differences in the 1H NMR metabolomics was also obtained for seven
of the ten samples analyzed (apparently one additional commercial sample was
evaluated by 1H NMR). The remaining three commercial samples
clustered closely to the authentic materials. It is not clear if the 1H
NMR approach would have been sufficient to detect the adulteration in these
three cases, although a refinement of the statistical model may have provided
more clarity on this.
—Stefan Gafner, PhD
References
1Gafner S, Baggett S. Adulteration of Saw Palmetto
(Serenoa repens) – Botanical
Adulterants Bulletin. Austin, TX: ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants
Prevention Program; Botanical Adulterants Bulletin. 2017;1-6.
2United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Saw Palmetto
Extract. In: United States Pharmacopeia
and National Formulary (USP 41-NF 36). Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention.
2018.
3The European
Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare. European Pharmacopoeia (EP 9.1). Sabalis serrulatae extractum.
Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe; 2016:1509-1512.
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